Qualities and characteristics of mind disturbances 2.34. Vitarka himsadayah krtakaritanumodita lobhakrodhamohapurvaka mrdumadhyadimatraduhkhajnananantaphala iti pratipaksabhavanam| Vitarka-evil passions Himsadayah-violence and others Krta-done by ones self Karita-done through others Anumodita-approved Lobha-greed Krodha-anger Moha-confusion Purvaka-preceded by mrdu-mild madhya-moderate adhimatra-intense duhkha-pain ajnana-ignorance ananta-infinite phalah-reults iti-like that pratipaksa-opposite bhavanam-thinking Thinking of evil thoughts such as violence, whether done through oneself, through others, or approved, is caused by greed, anger and confusion. They can be mild, medium, or intense. Pratipaksha bhavana is thinking that these evil thoughts cause infinite pain and ignorance.

Pleasure and pain both are painful indeed 2.15. Parinamatapasamskaraduhkhairgunavrttivirodhacca duhkhamva sarvam vivekinah  Parinama-result, consequence Tapa-acute suffering Samskara-impression Duhkhaih-by these three pains Guna-three gunas Vrtti-modification of mind Virodhat-on account of, opposing Cha-and Duhkham-pain Eva-only Sarvam-all Vivekinah-those who have discrimination In the case of one who has discrimintaive knowledge (viveka), all is painful because of pains due to change, acute suffering, samskaras, and also due to gunas and vrittis in opposition.  

Path to remove mind disturbance 33. Vitarkabadhane pratipaksabhavanam| Vitarka-passions Badhane- on disturbances Pratipaksa-the opposite Bhavanam-pondering over When the mind is disturbed by passions one should practise contemplating over their opposites nature.  

  Patanjali Yoga Sutra – Sadhana Pada-  Reasons for experiencing pain & how to remove it? 2.3. Avidyasmitaragadvesabhinivesah klesah| Avidya-ignorance Asmita-i-feeling Raga-liking Dvesa-repulsion Abhinivesah-fear of death Klesah-afflictions Ignorance, I-feeling, liking, disliking and fear of death, this all  are the reasons for experiencing  pains in our walk of life .  

Patanjali Yoga Sutra – Sadhana Pada- Why should follow Discipline? Major Discipline for Yoga Practice 2.1. Tapahsvadhyayayesvarapranidhanani kriyaayogah| Tapah- austerity Svadhyaya-self-study of scriptures Ishvarapranidhana-surrender to god Kriya yoga-practical yoga Tapas, Swadhyaya and ishwara pranidhana is caled kriya yoga.  

Our past accumulated action is reason for present & future pain 2.12.  Klesamulah karmasayo drsthadrsthajanmavedaniyah| Klesa-affliction Mulah-root Karma-action Asayo-reservoir Drstha-seen, present Adrstha-not seen, future Janma-birth Vedaniyah-to be experienced This  accumulated karmas which is the root cause of afflictions is to be experienced in the present and future births.  

Meaning for Ignorance? 2.5.  Anityasuchiduhkhanatmasu nityasuchisukhatmakhyatiravidya| Anitya-not eternal Asuchi-impure Duhkha-pain Anatmasu-non-atman Nitya-eternal Suchi-pure Sukha-happiness Atma-self Khyati-knowledge Avidya-ignorance Meaning of Avidya or Ignorance is mis-understanding of non-eternal, impure, evil things considering as eternal, pure, good and atman.    

Ignorance is the foundation cause for all pain 2.4.  Avidyaksetramuttaresam prasuptatanuvichchhinnodaranam| Avidya-avidya Ksetram-field Uttaresam-of the following Prasupta-dormant Tanu-thin Vichchhinna-scattered Udaranam-fully operated, expanded Avidya or ignorance can be resided in the states of dormant, thin, scattered or expanded.  

Future Pain in life can be reducible 2.10.  Te pratiprasavaheyah suksmah| Te-they Pratiprasavah-involution Heyah-reducible Suksmah-subtle  Those future pains can be avoidable or reducible by involution or  by yogic practice, when they are subtle.  

Ego or ‘I’ feeling is one of the ignorance 2.6.  Drgdarsanasaktyorekatmataivasmita| Drg-purusha, power of consciousness, power to see Darsana-that which is seen, cognition Saktyoh-of the two powers Ekatmata-identity Iva-as if Asmita-i-feeling Asmita or ‘I’feeling, is the identity as it were of the purusha or pure consciousness with the Buddhi or discrminated knowledge.   Attachment is the one of the Ignorance 2.7. Sukhanusayi ragah| Sukha-pleasure Anusayi-accompanying Ragah-liking Raga is the liking to such activities, which gives all sensual pleasures. Hatred is one of the Ignorance 2.8. Duhkhanusayi dvesah| Duhkha-pain Anusayi-accompanying Dvesah-repulsion Disliking means, the action which gives pain to physicall and mental level. Clinging to life is one of the ignorance 2.9. Svarasavahi viduso’pi tatharudho’bhinivesah| Svarasavahi-sustained by its one force Vidush-of the learned Api-even Tatha-like that Rudhah-dominating Abhinivesah-fear of death, clining to life Abhinivesha means desire for mundane life to extend, even this quality dominates learned wise people too.  

By practicing pranayama luminosity achieved 2.52. Tatah ksiyate prakasavaranam| Tatah-thereby Ksiyate-disappears Prakasa-light Avaranam-covering Thereby the covering of light vanish.  

Benefits of self-surrendering to God 2.45.  Samadhisiddhirisvarapranidhanat| Samadhi- superconsiousness Siddhi-perfection Isvara-god Pranidhanat-self-surrender Succcess in superconsiousness comes by complete resignation to God.  

Benefits of following Truthfulness 2.36.  Satyapratisthayam kriyaphalasrayatvam| Satya-truthfulness Pratisthayam-on being firmly established Kriya-action Phala-result or fruit Asrayatvam-basis Those who following truthfullness, the actions result in fruits, entirely depending on them.  

Benefits of following Non-possessiveness 2.39. Aparigrahasthairye janmakathantssambodah| Aparigraha-non-possessiveness Sthairye-on becoming steady Janma-birth Kathanta-how and from where Sambodah-knowledge On becoming stable in non-possessiveness, there arises the knowledge of how and from where birth arise.  

Benefits of following Non-Violence 2.35.  Ahimsapratisthayam tatsamnidhau vairatyagah| Ahiàsa-non-violence Pratisthayam-on being firmly established Tatsamnidhau-in its vicinity Vaira-hostility Tyagah-abandonment Those who following strongly ahimsa path, there is abandonment of hostility and enmity in his vicinity.  

Benefits of by  mastery over Asana 2.48.  Tato dvandvanabhighatah| Tatah-from that Dvandva-pair of opposites Anabhighatah-no impact Thereby the pairs of opposites stop to have any impact.  

Benefits of being cleanliness 2.40.  Saucat svanga jugupsa parairasaàsargah| Saucat-from clealiness Svanga-one own body Jugupsa-indifference Paraih-with others Asamsargah-non-attachment By being cleanliness there comes indifference towards one’s own body and non-attachment to others.  

Benefits of being  contentment 2.42.  Santosadanuttamasukhalabhah| Santosad-from contentment Anuttamah-unexcelled Sukha-pleasure Labhah-gain Infinite happiness comes from the practice of contentment.  

Benefits of austerities 2.43. Kayendriya siddhirasuddhiksayattapasah| Kaya-the body Indriya-sense organ Siddhi-perfection Asuddhi-impurity Ksayat-destruction Tapasah-by austerities By following austerities, impurities are eradicated and there appears perfection in the body and sense organs.  

Mastery over the senses by pratyahara 2.55. Tatah paramavasyatendriyanam| Tatah-thereby Parama-highest Vasyate-mastery Indriyanam-of the senses This is the highest state of mastery over the sense organs by pratyahara practice.    

Patanjali Yoga Sutra – Kaivalya Pada Attainment of pure consciousness or kaivalya 4.34. Purusarthasunyanam gunanam pratiprasavah kaivalyam svarupapratistha va chitisakteriti| Purusartha-purpose of the purusha Sunyanam-devoid of Gunanam-of the gunas Pratiprasavah-involution Kaivalyam-liberation Svarupa-ones own nature Pratistha-establishment Va-or Chitisakteh-purusah Iti-that’s all(denotes the end of the Patanjali Yoga Sutra) Kaivalya is the involution of the gunas because of the fulfilment of their objectives or it is the restoration of the purusha to its inherent  form which is called pure consciousness.