Lungs Volume
Lungs Volume The total air volume of the lungs is about 4 to 6 liters and varies with a person’s size, age, gender, and respiratory health. Normal shallow breathing only moves a small fraction of the lungs’ total volume into and out of the body with each breath. This volume of air, known as tidal volume, usually measures only around 0.5 liters. Deep breathing can force more air into and out of the lungs than during shallow breathing. The volume of air exchanged during deep breathing is known as vital capacity and ranges between 3 to 5 liters, depending on the lung capacity of the individual. There is a residual volume of around 1 liter of air that remains in the lungs at all times, even during a deep exhalation.
Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System: The Central Nervous System comprises of the Brain and the Spinal cord: The Brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, which includes awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. The brain takes in sensory information, organizes and synthesizes this input, then provides instructions for motor output to the rest of the body. The brain is the main data center of the body, consisting of the cerebrum (which regulates Cognitive functions) and the cerebellum (which regulates coordination and muscular skeletal functions). The Spinal cord consists of nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. Spinal cord acts as the center for reflexes. Brain: The human brain is the command center for the human nervous system. It receives input from the sensory organs and sends output to the muscles. The Human Brain weighs about 1.5 kilograms, it makes up about 2 percent of a human’s body weight. The cerebrum makes up 85 percent of the brain’s weight composing of nearly 86 billion neurons. The neurons are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. The brain develops from 3 sections, they are as follows. Forebrain: also known as prosencephalon, is the anterior part of the brain, includes the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus forebrain develops into the cerebrum and underlying structures. Midbrain: also known as mesencephalon becomes part of the brainstem, serves important functions like motor activity and sensory functions. Hindbrain: the lower part of the brain stem, comprising the cerebellum, pons cerebelli, and medulla oblongata. Parts of the Brain and functions: AMYGDALA: Lying deep in the center of the limbic emotional brain, this powerful structure, the size, and shape of an almond, is constantly alert to the needs of basic survival. BRAIN STEM: The part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. The brain stem controls function basic to the survival of all animals, such as heart rate, breathing, digesting foods, and sleeping. It also plays a role in learning. CEREBRUM: This is the largest brain structure in humans and accounts for about two-thirds of the brain’s mass. The two hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by long neuron branches called the corpus callosum. The cerebrum control most of our body functions such as the state of consciousness, the senses, the body’s motor skills, reasoning, and language. CEREBELLUM: Two peach-size mounds of folded tissue located at the top of the brain stem. It controls most of the learning pathways and coordinated skilled movements. The Frontal Lobe is the most recently-evolved part of the brain. The frontal lobe is dorsolateral prefrontal circuit is the brain’s top executive. It organizes responses to complex problems, plans steps to an objective, searches memory for relevant experience, adapts strategies to accommodate new data, guides behavior with verbal skills and houses working memory. The Temporal Lobe controls memory storage area, emotion, hearing, and, on the left side, language. The Parietal Lobe receives and processes sensory information from the body including calculating location and speed of objects. The Occipital Lobe processes visual data and routes it to other parts of the brain for identification and storage. HIPPOCAMPUS: located deep within the brain, it processes new memories for long-term storage. If you didn’t have it, you couldn’t live in the present, you’d be stuck in the past of old memories. It is among the first functions to falter in Alzheimer’s. HYPOTHALAMUS: Located at the base of the brain where signals from the brain and the body’s hormonal system interact, the hypothalamus maintains the body’s status quo. It monitors numerous bodily functions such as blood pressure and body temperature, as well as controlling body weight and appetite. THALAMUS: Located at the top of the brain stem, the thalamus acts as a two-way relay station, sorting, processing, and directing signals from the spinal cord and midbrain structures up to the cerebrum, and, conversely, from the cerebrum down the spinal cord to the nervous system. Spinal Cord: The spinal cord is a long, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum where it is continuous with the medulla to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae. Spinal Cord is a vital link between the brain and the body, and from the body to the brain, which is 40 to 50 cm long and 1 cm to 1.5 cm in diameter. Two consecutive rows of nerve roots emerge on each of its sides, these nerve roots join distally to form 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure of nervous tissue composed of white and gray matter, is uniformly organized and is divided into four regions: cervical (C), thoracic (T), lumbar (L) and sacral (S). The spinal cord consists of nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It is also the center for reflexes, such as the knee jerk reflex. The spinal nerve roots are formed by the union of dorsal and ventral roots within the intervertebral foramen, resulting in a mixed nerve joined together and forming the spinal nerve. The arterial blood supply to the spinal cord in the upper cervical regions is derived from two branches of the vertebral arteries, the anterior spinal artery, and the posterior spinal arteries. At the level of the medulla, the paired anterior spinal arteries join to form a single artery that lies in the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord. The posterior spinal arteries are paired and form an anastomotic chain over the posterior aspect of the spinal cord. A plexus of small arteries, the arterial vasocorona, on the surface of the cord constitutes an anastomotic connection between the anterior and posterior spinal arteries. This arrangement provides uninterrupted blood supplies along the entire length of the spinal cord. Functions: conducts sensory information from the peripheral nervous system (both somatic and autonomic) to the brain, the spinal nerves carry sensory information (sensations) from the
Muscular tissues
Muscular tissues can be classified into: Smooth, non-striated or involuntary muscles. Cardiac muscle or myocardium. Skeletal, striated or voluntary muscles. Skeletal muscles: Skeletal muscle comes in different shapes and sizes and allows movement of the body and body parts. These muscles have the longest fibers. Skeletal muscles have striations and can be controlled voluntarily. Skeletal muscles are able to contract very rapidly but they tire easily; they must also rest after relatively short periods of activity otherwise physical damage and muscle fatigue will occur. Skeletal muscles can exert tremendous power and are remarkably adaptable. Skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton. The movement of these muscles also cannot be controlled by will. Smooth muscle Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of the hollow visceral organs such as the respiratory passages, intestinal tract and urinary bladder. This is not striated and is involuntary. Contractions of smooth muscles are slow and sustained. The contraction of most of these muscles forces fluid and other substances through the internal body channels. Smooth muscle contractions are involuntary movements triggered by impulses that travel through the autonomic nervous system to the smooth muscle tissue. The arrangement of cells within smooth muscle tissue allows for contraction and relaxation with great elasticity. The smooth muscle in the walls of organs like the urinary bladder and the uterus allow those organs to expand and relax as needed. The smooth muscle of the alimentary canal (the digestive tract) facilitates the peristaltic waves that move swallowed food and nutrients. In the eye, smooth muscle changes the shape of the lens to bring objects into focus. Artery walls include smooth muscle that relaxes and contracts to move blood through the body. Cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscle makes up most of the heart walls. The muscles are striated and are involuntary – we have almost no conscious control over how our heart beats. The heart wall is composed of three layers. The middle layer, the myocardium, is responsible for the heart’s pumping action. Cardiac muscle found only in the myocardium, contracts in response to signals from the cardiac conduction system to make the heartbeat. Cardiac muscle is made from cells called cardiocytes. Cardiac muscle cells usually contract at a steady pace set by the heart’s pacemaker cells, though nerves can influence them to speed up or slow down. The cardiac muscle tissue forms many branches, which then recombine to form a continuous sheet. This enables the tissue to contract as a unit and improves its efficiency. Cardiac muscle never rests – to do so would be fatal. Contractions of cardiac muscle move blood through the heart and around the body.
Cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular system Humans have a closed circulatory system. You may remember that in a closed system blood is contained within vessels and that the main components of a closed circulatory system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Heart The heart is a conical, hollow, musculotendinous organ. It lies in the thorax between the lungs and behind the sternum. It’s about 10cm long and weighs about 300 gram. The base of the heart is above and the apex is below. The heart lies in the thorax between the lungs and behind the sternum. Two-thirds of the heart is on the left side. It lies obliquely. It’s directed more towards the left side than on the right side. The apex of the heart lies at the level of 5th intercostals space, 9cm to the left of midline. The base extends to the level of the second rib. The 3 Layers of Heart: The heart is surrounded by an outer covering called pericardium. It contains two layers called visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium. Pericardial fluid is present between these two layers. The middle layer is made of heart muscle fibers. It’s called as myocardium The inner lining is called as endocardium. Chambers of the heart: The Human heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The 2 chambers on the right side are known as Right Atrium, Right Ventricle. The 2 chambers on the left side are called Left Atrium, Left Ventricle. The 4 chambers are divided by 2 septa, the interatrial septum, and Inter-Ventricular septum. Valves of the heart: The heart has 4 valves: they are as follows The mitral valve and tricuspid valve, which controls blood flow from the atria to the ventricles. The aortic valve and pulmonary valve, which control blood flow out of the ventricles. Some tendinous cords arise from the lower border of these valves. They’re called chordate tendinae. The chordate tendinae in turn attached to papillary muscle which arises from ventricular walls. Blood vessels attached to heart: the right atrium receives superior vena cava vein and inferior vena cava vein. They carry venous blood to the heart. From the right ventricle, arise the pulmonary artery. It carries venous blood to lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives 4 pulmonary veins. They carry oxygenated blood to the heart. From the left ventricle. Arise the aorta. It delivers pure-blood to all parts of the body. Blood supply to the heart: The heart receives its blood supply through right and left coronary arteries. They’re the first branches of the aorta. Venous blood heart is collected by the coronary sinus. It opens directly into the right atrium. Nerve supply to the heart: The heart is supplied by sympathetic and vagus nerves. Branches from these nerves pass through the sino auricular node.
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic system is the part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as blood flow, heartbeat, digestion, and breathing. In other words, it is the autonomic system that controls aspects of the body that are usually not under voluntary control. This system allows these functions to take place without needing to consciously think about them happening. Autonomic Nervous System is further divided into two branches: The sympathetic system regulates the flight-or-fight responses. This system prepares the body to expend energy and deal with potential threats in the environment. When the action is needed, the sympathetic system will trigger a response by speeding up the heart rate, increasing breathing rate, increasing blood flow to muscles, activating sweat secretion, and dilating the pupils. This allows the body to respond quickly in situations that require immediate action. In some cases, we might stay and fight the threat, while in other cases we may instead flee from the danger. The parasympathetic system helps maintain normal body functions and conserve physical resources. Once a threat has passed, this system will slow the heart rate, slow breathing, reduce blood flow, to muscles and constrict the pupils. This allows us to return our bodies to a normal resting state.
Muscle Physiology
Muscle Physiology Muscle cells are specialized to contract. The cells are similar in structure to the other cells in the body but are elongated and, for this reason, are called muscle fibers. They consist mostly of water (about 75%), proteins and inorganic salts. There are around 700 different muscles in the human body and more than 250 million muscle fibers. The body contains three distinct types of muscle (skeletal, cardiac and smooth), which will be outlined in this article. The following three articles in the series will address the structure and function of skeletal muscle, the largest muscle mass in the body. Muscles are excitable or irritable. This means that they are capable of receiving and responding to a stimulus. The stimulus is usually a chemical – a neurotransmitter released by a nerve cell, a hormone or a local change in acidity (pH). In response, muscles generate an electrical impulse that causes the muscle cells to contract: – Muscles can contract or shorten when they are stimulated. No other type of body tissue can do this. – Muscles are extensible – that is, they can stretch or extend beyond their resting length. – Muscle fibers are elastic and can return to their resting length after being stretched.
Blood pressure (BP)
Blood pressure (BP) It’s the lateral pressure excreted by blood on blood vessels. It’s normally expressed as arterial pressure. It has 2 phases: Systolic blood pressure: it’s the maximum pressure occurs during the systole of the heart range from 100 to 120 mm Diastolic blood pressure: it’s the minimum pressure occurs during the diastole of the heart range between 60 to 80 mm Hg. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and it’s nearly 40 mm Hg.
Asana Physiology and it’s benefits
Asana Physiology and it’s benefits Physiology of Sitting Asanas All sitting asanas bring elasticity to the hips, knees, ankles, and muscles of the groin. These poses remove tension and hardness in the diaphragm and throat. Making breathing smoother and easier. They keep the spine steady, pacifying the mind and stretching the muscles of the heart. Blood circulation increases to all parts of the body. #Online 200 hour Yoga teacher training Bangalore Physiology of standing asanas Standing asanas strengthen the leg muscles and joints, and increase the suppleness and strength of the spine. Owing to their rotational and flexing movements, the spinal muscles and inter-vertebral joints are kept mobile and well aligned. The arteries of the legs are stretched, increasing the blood supply to the lower limbs, and preventing thrombosis in the call muscles. These asanas also tone the cardio-vascular system. The lateral wall of the heart is fully stretched, increasing the supply of fresh blood to the heart. Forward bends In forward bends, the abdominal organs are compressed. This has a unique effect on the nervous system as these organs relax, the frontal brain is cooled, and the flow of blood to the entire brain is regulated. Stress is removed from the organs of perception and the senses relax. The adrenal glands are also soothed and function more efficiently. Since the body is in a horizontal position in forward bends. The heart is relieved of the strain of pumping blood against gravity and blood circulates through all parts of the body easily. Forward bends also strengthen the Para spinal muscles, inter-vertebral joints and ligaments. #Online 300 hour Yoga teacher training Bangalore Physiology & benefits of Twisting Asanas These asanas teach us the importance of a healthy spine and inner body in twists, the pelvic and abdominal organs are squeezed and flushed with blood. They improve the suppleness of the diaphragam, relieve spinal, hip and groin disorders. The spine also becomes more supple and this improves the flow of blood to the spinal nerves and increases energy levels. Physiology & benefits of backward bending Asanas All back bends stimulate the central nervous system and increase its ability to bear stress. They help to relieve and prevent headaches, hypertension and nervous exhaustion. These asanas stimulate and energize the body and are invaluable to people suffering from depression. In Urdhva Dhanurasana and Vipartia Dandasana the liver and spleen are fully stretched and can therefore function more effectively. Yoga can help solve the problems of any receptive individual, whether these problems be of a physical, mental or spiritual nature and thereby, eventually, also help solve the problems of a group, society and even a nation. #Online 200 hour Yoga teacher training Bangalore
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India It is the science that deals with the structures of the human body and its relationship of various parts to each other. The subject matter of anatomy includes Histology – Study of tissues Osteology – Study of bones Mycology – Study of muscles Arthrology – Study of Joints Splanchnology – Study of organs Neurology – Study of Nervous System Physiology #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India It is the science which deals with the functions of the body. It explains how various systems in the body function together normally as a single unit. The subject matter of physiology includes the study of various systems like. Central nervous system Cardio vascular system Digestive system Excretory system Respiratory system Reproductive system etc., Cell #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India Each and every part of our body is composed of tiny microscopic units, the Cell. Cell is the structural and functional unit of the body. Cells have different shapes and sizes according to their nature of work Tissues #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India Cells are highly organised units but they do not function in isolation. They work together in a group of similar cells called tissue. Every tissue has got its specialized function to perform. TYPES Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue Epithelial Tissue It covers the body surfaces and forms gland. It forms external layer of the skin, internal living the mucus membrane of the body cavities and the hollow organs. Functions Secretion Protection Absorption Excretion Connective Tissue #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India It includes the blood cells, loose and dense (fiber) connective tissue, adipose tissue, lymph cartilages and bones. Major function of connective tissue is to connect, anchor and support the other tissues of the body and to form structural frame work of the body. Muscular Tissue #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India It is responsible for movements of the body and organs. This is because of its characteristic function of contraction. It forms mainly three types of muscle fibres. Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Striated or Skeletal muscle Functions #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India Motion is an essential body function which results from the contraction and relaxation of muscles. Maintenance of posture and Heat production. Nervous Tissue It forms the whole nervous system. It initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate the body and its surrounding environment. The main properties of this tissue are excitability and conductivity nervous tissue responds to various stimuli. Nervous tissue is composed of nerve cells and their processes. These processes born the nerve fibers. Such unit of nervous tissue is known as neuron. They construct the nerves in the body. Organs #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India Different kinds of tissues are joined together to form higher level of organisation. i.e. organ Organs have recognizable shape. Each organ has a complex structure and it performs a specific function of the body. Examples Liver, Heart, Brain, Lungs, Stomach ete System #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India A system is an association of organs that have a common function. Types and various systems in the human body There are 11 major systems such as Skeletal system Muscular System Digestive system Respiratory system Nervous system Circulatory System Urinary System Endocrine system Reproductive system Integument system Immune system #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India
Need of Anatomy and Physiology in Yoga
Need of Anatomy and Physiology in Yoga #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India Knowledge of anatomy and physiology forms the basis for the study of biological sciences. Even for a common man, to understand the heath problems and their solution. Preliminary knowledge of this subject is helpful. Today yogic practices have become popular throughout the world. The yogic practices have been included in school and college curriculum where yoga teacher imparts the yoga training consisting of mainly asanas, pranayamas and kriyas etc. These practices involve our bodily structure and function. In order to understand how the yogic practices influence our body and mind, a student and teacher should know the basic anatomy and physiology as well as the physiological changes brought about by the yogic practices. Having this knowledge, one will be able to employ the technique systematically for the students or the patients. The importance of this subject was realized by the concerned authorities and now this subject has been introduced in the field of education and other faculties. #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India The whole approach in studying the basic principles of anatomy and physiology is to understand the probable mechanisms involved in various yogic practices on the scientific background. It is obvious that our body responds according to the nature of stimulation from the external or the internal environments. Yogic practices work deep inside the body and mind and are expected to bring about some changes in the behavioral pattern of even a normal individual so as to prepare him for the higher yogic practices. There fore our yogic techniques should bear a scientific background along with the traditional support. This scientific background would also help the individual to remove confusion or misconception. If any, regarding the technique and the results of the yogic practices. He would then be the best yoga teacher to guide his students on the path of yoga. #100/200/300/500 hour Yoga teacher training India